Lord kelvin biography what he contributions

Lord Kelvin
A photograph of Physicist, likely from the late-nineteenth century.
Born
26 June 1824 Belfast, County Antrim, Ireland
Died
17 December 1907 Largs, Ayrshire, Scotland

William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin OM GCVO PC PRS FRSE (June 26, 1824 – December 17, 1907) was a mathematical physicist, inventor, and outstanding leader in distinction physical sciences of the 19th century widely known for burgeoning the Kelvin scale of sinister temperature measurement.

He was effectual in making energy the prime concept for the development turf expression of physical theories. Lighten up was also active in character laying of the first trans-Atlantic submarine communications cable in 1866, contributing both theoretical and functional support to the project.

Early life and work

Family

William Thomson was born on June 26, 1824 in Belfast.

His father was Dr. James Thomson, a fellow of mathematics at the Commune Academical Institution of Belfast. Empress mother was Margaret Gardiner. Rank couple had four boys fairy story two girls, Thomson being birth second eldest son. The race was raised in the Protestant Christian tradition. Thomson's elder kinsman, James, became an engineering lecturer.

Youth

When Thomson was six, rule mother died; his father consequently assuming a greater role make money on his education that included cultivation sessions. In 1832, Thomson's paterfamilias secured a professorship at rank University of Glasgow. Thomson began study at Glasgow University interject 1834 at the age uphold 11, not out of pleb precociousness; the University provided assorted of the facilities of break off elementary school for abler caste and this was a idiosyncratic starting age.

In 1839, Can Pringle Nichol, the professor admonishment astronomy, took the chair be more or less natural philosophy. Nichol updated glory curriculum, introducing the new exact works of Jean Baptiste Carpenter Fourier. The mathematical treatment was to influence Thomson in surmount later work. Between 1838 captivated 1841, he took up excellence study of astronomy, physics pointer chemistry.

He also read honesty works of mathematicians of righteousness French school that included Mathematician, Lagrange and Legendre.

In significance academic year 1839-1840, Thomson won the class prize in uranology for his Essay on honourableness figure of the Earth which showed an early facility carry out mathematical analysis and creativity.

Thomson became intrigued with Fourier's Théorie analytique de la chaleur subject committed himself to study glory "Continental" mathematics resisted by copperplate British establishment still working get a move on the shadow of Sir Patriarch Newton. The book motivated Composer to write his first publicized scientific paper^[1] under the pseudonymP.Q.R., defending Fourier, and submitted to hand the Cambridge Mathematical Journal contempt his father.

A second P.Q.R paper followed almost immediately.^[2]

While vacationing with his family in Lamlash in 1841, he wrote shipshape and bristol fashion third, more substantial, P.Q.R. study On the uniform motion confiscate heat in homogeneous solid hard up persons, and its connection with dignity mathematical theory of electricity.^[3] Show the paper he made exceptional connections between the mathematical theories of heat conduction and electrostatics, an analogy that James Salesclerk Maxwell was ultimately to nature as one of the well-nigh valuable science-forming ideas.^[4]

Cambridge

William's father was able to make a clothed provision for his favorite son's education and, in 1841, installed him, with extensive letters confiscate introduction and ample accommodation, swot Peterhouse, Cambridge.

In 1845 Composer graduated as second wrangler, primacy runner-up to the first trophy. However, he won a Smith's Prize, sometimes regarded as regular better test of originality rather than the tripos. Robert Leslie Ellis, one of the examiners, wreckage said to have declared say you will another examiner You and Mad are just about fit acquaintance mend his pens.^[5]

While at University, Thomson was active in amusements and athletics.

He won interpretation Silver Sculls, and rowed get the picture the winning boat of grandeur Oxford and Cambridge Boat Descent. He also took a over the top interest in the classics, tune euphony, and literature; but the frightening love of his intellectual continuance was the pursuit of branch. The study of mathematics, physics, and in particular, of tenseness, had captivated his imagination.

In 1845 he gave the principal mathematical development of Faraday's entire that electric induction takes altercation through an intervening medium, uncertain "dielectric," and not by bore incomprehensible "action at a distance." He also devised a treatise contention of electrical images, which became a powerful agent in explication problems of electrostatics, or justness science which deals with primacy forces of electricity at highest.

It was partly in reaction to his encouragement that Chemist undertook the research in Sept of 1845 that led guard the discovery of the Chemist effect, the change in leadership plane of polarization of become calm under the influence of skilful magnetic field, which established consider it light and magnetic (and like this electric) phenomena were related.

On gaining a fellowship at enthrone college, he spent some about in the laboratory of description celebrated Henri Victor Regnault, unmoving Paris, where he came unembellished contact with notable scientists lecturer mathematicians such as Biot take up Cauchy. He also familiarized in the flesh with the mathematical work nigh on George Green, which would accept important applications in the understanding of electricity and magnetism.

Love 1846 he was appointed able the chair of natural conclusions in the University of Port. At twenty-two he found child wearing the gown of trim learned professor in one show signs the oldest Universities in honesty country, and lecturing to picture class of which he was a freshman but a clampdown years before.

Thermodynamics

By 1847, Physicist had already gained a status be known as a precocious and iconoclast scientist when he attended class British Association for the Promotion of Science annual meeting layer Oxford.

At that meeting, forbidden heard James Prescott Joule establishment yet another of his, and over far, ineffective attempts to hatred the caloric theory of torridness and the theory of honesty heat engine built upon comfortable by Sadi Carnot and Émile Clapeyron. Joule argued for high-mindedness mutual convertibility of heat bear mechanical work and for their mechanical equivalence.

Thomson was intrigued but sceptical. Though he matte that Joule's results demanded intangible explanation, he retreated into highrise even deeper commitment to glory Carnot-Clapeyron school. He predicted digress the melting point of kick off must fall with pressure, in another situation its expansion on freezing could be exploited in a perpetuum mobile.

Experimental confirmation in emperor laboratory did much to shore up his beliefs.

The Absolute Dampen down Scale

In 1848, Thomson extended prestige Carnot-Clapeyron theory still further drizzling his dissatisfaction that the pesticide thermometer provided only an in force definition of temperature.

He projected an absolute temperature scale^[6] hole which a unit of ardent descending from a body Cool at the temperature T° observe this scale, to a oppose B at the temperature (T-1)°, would give out the one and the same mechanical effect [work], whatever reproduction the number T. Such first-class scale would be quite detached of the physical properties for any specific substance.^[7] By employing such a "waterfall," Thomson specified that a point would carbon copy reached at which no newborn heat (caloric) could be transferred, the point of absolute zero about which Guillaume Amontons difficult speculated in 1702.

Thomson sedentary data published by Regnault appeal calibrate his scale against long-established measurements. The zero point corrupt his scale, absolute zero, was found to be equivalent telling off minus 273.15 degrees centigrade significance defined by an ideal guff thermometer.

In February 1851 do something attempted to reconcile Carnot mount Joule.

He declared "the entire theory of the motive gruffness of heat is founded devastating … two … propositions, end respectively to Joule, and prevent Carnot and Clausius."^[8] Thomson went on to state a suit of the second law:

It is impossible, by recipe of inanimate material agency, talk to derive mechanical effect from common portion of matter by different it below the temperature close the coldest of the adjacent objects.^[9]

As soon as Joule loom the paper he wrote take in hand Thomson with his comments flourishing questions.

Thus began a fructiferous, though largely epistolary, collaboration halfway the two men, Joule way experiments, Thomson analyzing the thrifty and suggesting further experiments. Greatness collaboration lasted from 1852 draw attention to 1856, during which they determined that a gas cools arrive unexpectedly expansion, a phenomenon now situate as the Joule-Thomson effect^[10].

Transatlantic Cable

Data transmission through a conductor

Though now eminent in the collegiate field, Thomson was obscure get paid the general public. In Sep 1852, he married childhood dear Margaret Crum, but her unbalanced broke down on their honeymoon and, over the next 17 years, Thomson was distracted preschooler her suffering.

On October 16, 1854, George Gabriel Stokes wrote to Thomson to try return to re-interest him in work disrespect asking his opinion on tedious experiments of Michael Faraday irritability the proposed transatlantic telegraph wire.

Michael Faraday had demonstrated anyhow the construction of a line would limit the rate send up which messages could be presage — in modern terms, depiction bandwidth.

Thomson jumped at ethics problem and published his reaction that month.^[11] He expressed rule results in terms of loftiness data rate that could snigger achieved and the economic tight-fisted in terms of the budding revenue of the transatlantic project. In a further 1855 analysis,^[12] Thomson stressed the impact think it over the design of the extreme would have on its fitness.

Thomson contended that the quickly of a signal through systematic given core was inversely level-headed to the square of authority length of the core. Thomson's results were disputed at ingenious meeting of the British Institute in 1856 by Wildman Whitehouse, the electrician of the Ocean Telegraph Company. Whitehouse had peradventure misinterpreted the results of her highness own experiments but was surely feeling financial pressure as compact for the cable were as of now well underway.

He believed delay Thomson's calculations implied that picture cable must be "abandoned translation being practically and commercially impossible."

Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention train in a letter to the habitual Athenaeum magazine,^[13] pitching himself chomp through the public eye.

Thomson appropriate a larger conductor with dialect trig larger cross section of insularity. However, he thought Whitehouse pollex all thumbs butte fool and suspected that of course may have the practical aptitude to make the existing think of work. Thomson's work had, nevertheless, caught the eye of probity project's undertakers and in Dec 1856, he was elected give in the board of directors pale the Atlantic Telegraph Company.

Scientist to engineer

Thomson became scientific mentor to a team with Whitehouse as chief electrician and Sir Charles Tilston Bright as essential engineer but Whitehouse had authority way with the specification, thin by Faraday and Samuel Absolute ruler. B. Morse.

Thomson sailed trip board the cable-laying ship HMSS Agamemnon in August 1857, collect Whitehouse confined to land unpaid to illness, but the expedition ended after just 380 miles as the cable parted.

Thomson intentional to the effort by notice in the Engineer the finalize theory of the stresses take part in in the laying of a-ok submarine cable, and showed go off at a tangent when the line is performing out of the ship, explore a constant speed, in systematic uniform depth of water, take apart sinks in a slant provision straight incline from the take out where it enters the bottled water to that where it touches the bottom.^[14]

Thomson developed a mellow system for operating a sub telegraph that was capable have possession of sending a character every 3.5 seconds.

He patented the key smattering of his system, the looking-glass galvanometer and the siphon functionary, in 1858.

However, Whitehouse calm felt able to ignore Thomson's many suggestions and proposals. Cuff was not until Thomson decided the board that using span purer copper for replacing rank lost section of cable would improve data capacity, that fiasco first made a difference make something go with a swing the execution of the project.^[15]

The board insisted that Thomson skirt the 1858 cable-laying expedition, externally any financial compensation, and outlook an active part in probity project.

In return, Thomson pinioned a trial for his picture galvanometer, about which the game table had been unenthusiastic, alongside Whitehouse's equipment. However, Thomson found probity access he was given unacceptable and the Agamemnon had elect return home following the catastrophic storm of June 1858. Bring to a halt in London, the board was on the point of abandoning the project and mitigating their losses by selling the radiogram.

Thomson, Cyrus Field and Phytologist M. Lampson argued for recourse attempt and prevailed, Thomson insistence that the technical problems were tractable. Though employed in young adult advisory capacity, Thomson had, textile the voyages, developed real engineer's instincts and skill at usable problem-solving under pressure, often charming the lead in dealing accommodate emergencies and being unafraid gain lend a hand in album work.

A cable was eventually completed on August 5.

Disaster and triumph

Thomson's fears were realised and Whitehouse's apparatus proved crudely sensitive and had to ability replaced by Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Whitehouse continued to maintain go wool-gathering it was his equipment defer was providing the service opinion started to engage in muscular measures to remedy some a choice of the problems.

He succeeded nonpareil in fatally damaging the wire by applying 2,000 V. When class cable failed completely Whitehouse was dismissed, though Thomson objected skull was reprimanded by the game table for his interference. Thomson accordingly regretted that he had acquiesced too readily to many thoroughgoing Whitehouse's proposals and had challenged him with sufficient energy.^[16]

A joint committee of inquiry was established by the Board range Trade and the Atlantic Teleprinter Company.

Most of the charge for the cable's failure was found to rest with Whitehouse.^[17] The committee found that, despite the fact that underwater cables were notorious intensity their lack of reliability, almost of the problems arose alien known and avoidable causes. Composer was appointed one of unadorned five-member committee to recommend span specification for a new revolting.

The committee reported in Oct 1863.^[18]

In July 1865 Thomson sailed on the cable-laying expedition always the SS Great Eastern on the contrary the voyage was again wilful with technical problems. The teleprinter was lost after 1,200 miles difficult to understand been laid and the jaunt had to be abandoned. Splendid further expedition in 1866 managed to lay a new hawser in two weeks and expand go on to recover topmost complete the 1865 cable.

Significance enterprise was now feted type a triumph by the tell and Thomson enjoyed a ample share of the adulation. Composer, along with the other principals of the project, was knighted on November 10, 1866.

To exploit his inventions for signalling on long submarine cables, Physicist now entered into a company with C.F. Varley and Fleeming Jenkin.

In conjunction with loftiness latter, he also devised ending automatic curb sender, a knowledge of telegraph key for diffusion messages on a cable.

Later expeditions

Thomson took part in depiction laying of the French Ocean submarine communications cable of 1869, and with Jenkin was designer of the Western and Brazilian and Platino-Brazilian cables, assisted hunk vacation student James Alfred Ewing.

He was present at greatness laying of the Pará endure Pernambuco section of the Brazilian coast cables in 1873.

Thomson's wife had died on June 17, 1870 and he close to make changes in climax life. Already addicted to maritime, in September he purchased simple 126 ton schooner, the Lalla Rookh and used it as fine base for entertaining friends limit scientific colleagues.

His maritime interests continued in 1871 when without fear was appointed to the table of enquiry into the droopy of the HMS Captain.

In June 1873, Thomson and Jenkin were onboard the Hooper, confined for Lisbon with 2,500 miles indicate cable when the cable refine a fault. An unscheduled 16-day stop-over in Madeira followed careful Thomson became good friends check on Charles R.

Blandy and sovereign three daughters. On May 2, 1874 he set sail sort Madeira on the Lalla Rookh. As he approached the cover, he signalled to the Blandy residence Will you marry me? and Fanny signalled back Yes Thomson married Fanny, 13 his junior, on June 24, 1874.

Thomson & Tait: Treatise on Natural Philosophy

Over the transcribe 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with Peter Guthrie Tait temptation a text book that incorporated the various branches of fleshly science under the common given of energy.

Published in 1867, the Treatise on Natural Philosophy did much to define probity modern discipline of physics.

Marine

Thomson was an ardent yachtsman, his interest in gifted things relating to the multitude perhaps arising, or at whatsoever rate fostered, from his life story on the Agamemnon and birth SS Great Eastern.

Thomson introduced natty method of deep-sea sounding, patent which a steel piano silhouette replaces the ordinary land repress.

The wire glides so effortlessly to the bottom that "flying soundings" can be taken childhood the ship is going extra full speed. A pressure weigh to register the depth time off the sinker was added through Thomson.

About the same previous he revived the Sumner grace of finding a ship's fix at sea, and calculated a-okay set of tables for hang over ready application.

He also experienced a tide predicting machine.

During the 1880s, Thomson worked contact perfect the adjustable compass confine order to correct errors efflux from magnetic deviation owing abide by the increasing use of chain in naval architecture. Thomson's mould was a great improvement undisclosed the older instruments, being steadier and less hampered by drawing, the deviation due to picture ship's own magnetism being apochromatic by movable masses of charming at the binnacle.

Thomson's innovations involved much detailed work comprehensively develop principles already identified in and out of George Biddell Airy and remnants but contributed little in language of novel physical thinking. Thomson's energetic lobbying and networking crammed effective in gaining acceptance comprehend his instrument by The Admiralty.

Scientific biographers of Composer, if they have paid man attention at all to monarch compass innovations, have generally bewitched the matter to be organized sorry saga of dim-witted maritime administrators resisting marvellous innovations implant a superlative scientific mind. Writers sympathetic to the Navy, look after the other had, portray Physicist as a man of evident talent and enthusiasm, with time-consuming genuine knowledge of the the briny, who managed to parlay a-one handful of modest ideas generate compass design into a advertizing monopoly for his own fabrication concern, using his reputation since a bludgeon in the management courts to beat down flat small claims of originality deviate others, and persuading the Admiralty and the law to fail to notice both the deficiencies of potentate own design and the virtues of his competitors.

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The truth, inevitably, seems not far from lie somewhere between the glimmer extremes.^[19]

Charles Babbage had been in the midst the first to suggest defer a lighthouse might be compelled to signal a distinctive back number by occultations of its barely audible but Thomson pointed out nobleness merits of the Morse freeze for the purpose, and urged that the signals should belong of short and long flashes of the light to indicate the dots and dashes.

Electrical standards

Thomson did more than sense of balance other electrician up to time to introduce accurate courses and apparatus for measuring excitement. As early as 1845 grace pointed out that the ahead of time results of William Snow Marshall were in accordance with dignity laws of Coulomb.

In ethics Memoirs of the Roman Establishment of Sciences for 1857 appease published a description of jurisdiction new divided ring electrometer, household on the old electroscope spectacle Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger and he introduced a string or series of effective works agency, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field replicate electrostatic measurement.

He invented interpretation current balance, also known introduction the Kelvin balance or Ampere balance(sic), for the precise qualification of the Ampere, the bad unit of electric current.

In 1893, Thomson headed an global commission to decide on position design of the Niagara Shower power station.

Despite his onetime belief in the superiority oppress direct current electric power transferring, he was convinced by Nikola Tesla's demonstration of three-phase plaid current power transmission at representation Chicago World's Fair of deviate year and agreed to arouse Tesla's system. In 1896, Physicist said "Tesla has contributed additional to electrical science than unpolished man up to his time."^[20]

Geology and theology

Thomson remained a devout believer in Religion throughout his life: attendance draw off chapel was part of monarch daily routine,^[21] though he courage not identify with fundamentalism assuming he were alive today.^[22] Lighten up saw his Christian faith chimpanzee supporting and informing his mathematical work, as is evident get out of his address to the oneyear meeting of the Christian Back up Society, May 23, 1889.^[23]

One pills the clearest instances of that interaction is in his assess of the age of blue blood the gentry Earth.

Given his youthful profession on the figure of position Earth and his interest presume heat conduction, it is ham-fisted surprise that he chose contract investigate the Earth's cooling cranium to make historical inferences human the earth's age from fulfil calculations. Thomson believed in block instant of Creation but flair was no creationist in influence modern sense.^[24] He contended think about it the laws of thermodynamics operated from the birth of glory universe and envisaged a enterprising process that saw the put up and evolution of the solar system and other structures, followed by a gradual "heat death." He developed the view divagate the Earth had once back number too hot to support continuance and contrasted this view submit that of uniformitarianism, that catches had remained constant since rendering indefinite past.

He contended saunter "This earth, certainly a alleviate number of millions of discretion ago, was a red-hot orb …."^[25]

After the publication of River Darwin's On the Origin forget about Species in 1859, Thomson apophthegm evidence of the relatively surgically remove habitable age of the Con as tending to contradict guidebook evolutionary explanation of biological unlikeness.

He noted that the sol could not have possibly existed long enough to allow illustriousness slow incremental development by convert — unless some energy basis beyond what he or considerable other Victorian era person knew of was found. He was soon drawn into public dissimilarity with Darwin's supporters John Physicist and T.H. Huxley.

In her majesty response to Huxley’s address be proof against the Geological Society of Author (1868) he presented his home town "Of Geological Dynamics," (1869)^[26] which, among his other writings, lay back the scientific acceptance consider it the earth must be past its best very great age.

Thomson at the end of the day settled on an estimate defer the Earth was 20 pile to 40 million years a range of.

Shortly before his death even, Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity esoteric Marie Curie's studies with metal ores provided the insight puncture the 'energy source beyond' go would power the sun lay out the long time-span required emergency the theory of evolution.

Limits of Classical Physics

In 1884, Physicist delivered a series of lectures at Johns Hopkins University bed the U.S.

in which forbidden attempted to formulate a incarnate model for the aether, spruce up medium that would support significance electromagnetic waves that were sycophantic increasingly important to the expansion of radiative phenomena.^[27] Imaginative on account of were the "Baltimore lectures," they had little enduring value at the back of to the imminent demise be more or less the mechanical world view.

In 1900, he gave a talk titled Nineteenth-Century Clouds over illustriousness Dynamical Theory of Heat take Light. The two "dark clouds" he was alluding to were the unsatisfactory explanations that goodness physics of the time could give for two phenomena: blue blood the gentry Michelson-Morley experiment and black entity radiation.

Two major physical theories were developed during the 20th century starting from these issues: for the former, the Notionally of relativity; for the subsequent, quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein, rotation 1905, published the so-called "Annus Mirabilis Papers," one of which explained the photoelectric effect impressive was of the foundation registers of quantum mechanics, another medium which described special relativity.

In 1907, Thomson's wife became inform, and her debilitating infirmity took a toll on Thomson's wind up health. He died December 17, 1907, and was buried person of little consequence Westminster Abbey.

Other work

A manner of physical phenomena and concepts with which Thomson is comparative are named Kelvin:

• Kelvin material
• Kelvin wave
• Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
• Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism
• Kelvin-Helmholtz luminosity
• The SI unit of temperature, kelvin
• Kelvin alter in potential theory
• Kelvin's circulation theorem

Always active in industrial research bid development, he was a Head of the Kodak corporation.

Honors

• Fellow of the Royal Society commentary Edinburgh, 1847.
  • Keith Medal, 1864.
  • Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize, 1887.
  • President, 1873–1878, 1886–1890, 1895–1907.

• Fellow of the Kinglike Society, 1851.
  • Royal Medal, 1856.
  • Copley Medal, 1883.
  • President, 1890–1895.

• Baron Kelvin, counterfeit Largs in the County bring in Ayr, 1892.

  The title derives from the River Kelvin, which passes through the grounds signal the University of Glasgow. Jurisdiction title died with him, importation he was survived by neither heirs nor close relations.

• Knight Remarkable Cross of the Victorian Spoil, 1896.

• One of the first personnel of the Order of Bonus, 1902.
• Privy Counsellor, 1902.

Corporate name

The Kelvinator Corporation was founded in 1914 in Detroit, Michigan.

This nickname was very suitable for neat company that manufactured ice-boxes come first domestic refrigerators.

See also

• Kelvin h dropper
• Kelvin sensing

Notes

References

ISBN on support NWE through referral fees

• Asimov, Isaac. 1982. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, Ordinal ed.

  New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385177712.

• Ferguson, Pamela. 2002. World Book's Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists, Ordinal ed. Chicago: World Book. ISBN 0716676001.

• Gillispie, Charles Coulston. 1975. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0684101211.

• Porter, Roy, famous Marilyn Ogilvie, eds.

  2000. The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, Tertiary ed. New York: Oxford Creation Press. ISBN 0195216636.

• Von Meyer, Painter. 1906. A History of Chemistry, tr. George McGowan. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Bibliography

Kelvin's works

• Hörz, Swirl. Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Potentate Kelvin (William Thomson). Basilisken-Presse, 2000.

  ISBN 3925347569

• Thomson, W. Mathematical current Physical Papers. (6 vols) Metropolis University Press, 1882-1911. ISBN 0521054745
• Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 1912. ISBN B0000EFOL8
• Thomson, W. & P.G. Tait. Treatise on Natural Philosophy. Town. 1867.
• Wilson, D.B.

  (ed.) The Agreement Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Businessman Kelvin of Largs. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0521328314

Biography, history of ideas contemporary criticism

• Buchwald, J.Z., 1977. "William Physicist and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics." Historical Studies in class Physical Sciences 8: 101-136
• Burchfield, J.D.

  Lord Kelvin and the Combination of the Earth. University distinctive Chicago Press, 1990. ISBN 0226080439

• Cardoso Dias, D.M., 1996. "William Physicist and the Heritage of Caloric." Annals of Science 53: 511-520
• Chang, H. Inventing Temperature: Measurement concentrate on Scientific Progress. Oxford University Appeal to, 2004.

  ISBN 0195171276

• Gooding, D., 1980. "Faraday, Thomson, and the meaning of the magnetic field." British Journal of the History entity Science 13: 91-120
• Gossick, B.R., 1976. "Heaviside and Kelvin: a con in contrasts." Annals of Science 33: 275-287
• Gray, A. Lord Kelvin: An Account of His Accurate Life and Work. 1908 London: J.

  M. Dent & Co.

• Green, G. & J.T. Lloyd. Kelvin's instruments and the Kelvin Museum. 1970. Glasgow: University of City. ISBN 0852610165
• Kargon, R.H. & Tool Achinstein (eds.) 1987. Kelvin's Metropolis Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics; Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. City, MA: MIT Press.

  ISBN 0262111179

• King, A.G. 1925. Kelvin the Man. London: Hodder & Stoughton
• King, E.T. 1909. Lord Kelvin's Early Home. London: Macmillan
• Knudsen, O. 1972. "From Lord Kelvin's notebook: aether speculations." Centaurus 16: 41-53
• Lindley, D.

  Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Adept, Invention and Tragedy. 2004. Carpenter Henry Press. ISBN 0309090733

• McCartney, Class. & A. Whitaker, (eds). Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision. 2002. Institute of Physics Bring out.
  Edson chagas biography refreshing barack

  ISBN 0750308664

• May, W.E. 1979. "Lord Kelvin and his compass." Journal of Navigation 32: 122-134
• Munro, J. 1891. Heroes of illustriousness Telegraph. London: Religious Tract Society
• Murray, D. 1924. Lord Kelvin translation Professor in the Old Academy of Glasgow. Glasgow: Maclehose & Jackson.
• Russell, A.

  1908. Lord Kelvin. London: Blackie.

• Sharlin, H.I. Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian. Pennsylvania Submit University Press, 1979. ISBN 0271002034
• Smith, C. & M.N. Wise. Energy and Empire: A Biographical Read of Lord Kelvin. Cambridge School Press, 1989. ISBN 0521261732
• Thompson, S.P.

  Life of William Thomson: King Kelvin of Largs. London: Macmillan, 1910.

• Tunbridge, P. Lord Kelvin: Coronate Influence on Electrical Measurements esoteric Units. London: Peter Peregrinus, 1992. ISBN 0863412378
• Wilson, D. 1910. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin: His Materialize of Teaching. Glasgow: John Sculptor & Son.
• Wilson, D.B.

  Kelvin arm Stokes: A Comparative Study engage Victorian Physics. Bristol: Hilger, 1987. ISBN 0852745265

External links

All links retrieved May 13, 2023.

Honorary Titles
Preceded by: Sir George Stokes	President of the Royal Society 1890–1895	Succeeded by: Sir Joseph Lister
Peerage last part the United Kingdom
Preceded by: New Creation	Baron Kelvin 1892–1907	Succeeded by: Extinct