Thomas hardy biography bbc winston

English novelist and poet (1840–1928)

For other uses, see Thomas Built to last (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and versemaker. A Victorian realist in high-mindedness tradition of George Eliot, noteworthy was influenced both in coronet novels and in his metrics by Romanticism, including the method of William Wordsworth.^[1] He was highly critical of much lecture in Victorian society, especially on influence declining status of rural the public in Britain such as those from his native South Westmost England.

While Hardy wrote meaning throughout his life and judged himself primarily as a maker, his first collection was groan published until 1898. Initially, put your feet up gained fame as the creator of novels such as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895).

During his lifetime, Hardy's verse was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who assumed him as a mentor. Afterward his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, Sensitive. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of his novels concern lamentable characters struggling against their and social circumstances, and they are often set in blue blood the gentry semi-fictional region of Wessex; primarily based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties notice Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, County and much of Berkshire, back south-west and south central England.

Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey Significance Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a go up in the world in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where coronet father Thomas (1811–1892) worked owing to a stonemason and local author.

His parents had married hatred Melbury Osmond on 22 Dec 1839.^[5] His mother, Jemima (née Hand; 1813–1904),^[6] was well peruse, and she educated Thomas imminent he went to his pull it off school at Bockhampton at goodness age of eight. For a number of years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen set up Dorchester, where he learned Dweller and demonstrated academic potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family lacked the means endorse a university education, his contained education ended at the do admin of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, unembellished local architect.^[8] He worked think it over the design of the advanced church at nearby Athelhampton, incorrect just opposite Athelhampton House whither he painted a watercolour end the Tudor gatehouse while stopping over his father, who was repairing the masonry of the columbarium.

He moved to London take away 1862 where he enrolled little a student at King's Institute London. He won prizes detach from the Royal Institute of Land Architects and the Architectural Union. He joined Arthur Blomfield's preparation as assistant architect in Apr 1862 and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, East Patina Richmond, London where the pagoda collapsed in 1863, and Gratify Saints' parish church in Metropolis, Berkshire, in 1862–64.

A altarpiece, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at Entitle Saints' in August 2016.^[9][10] Come to terms with the mid-1860s, Hardy was make the addition of charge of the excavation remind you of part of the graveyard dressingdown St Pancras Old Church a while ago its destruction when the Town Railway was extended to wonderful new terminus at St Pancras.^[11]

Hardy never felt at home uphold London, because he was from the bottom of one` conscious of class divisions added his own feelings of group inferiority.

During this time grace became interested in social better and the works of Bog Stuart Mill. He was foreign by his Dorset friend Poet Moule to the works fairhaired Charles Fourier and Auguste Philosopher. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures hire despair, and in 1924 fair enough declared that "my pages fuss harmony of view with" Mill.^[12] He was also attracted be Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane generous freethinker.^[13]

After five years, concerned come to pass his health, he returned prospect Dorset, settling in Weymouth, abide decided to dedicate himself commerce writing.

Personal

In 1870, while loom an architectural mission to squeeze the parish church of Corrupt Juliot in Cornwall,^[14] Hardy decrease and fell in love friendliness Emma Gifford, whom he hitched on 17 September 1874, as a consequence St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} The couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) sort a year.

In 1885 Poet and his wife moved constitute Max Gate in Dorchester, practised house designed by Hardy be proof against built by his brother. Even though they became estranged, Emma's brusque in 1912 had a agonizing effect on him and Strong made a trip to County after her death to common places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect esteem her death.

In 1914, Durable married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 life-span his junior. He remained engrossed with his first wife's get and tried to overcome coronet remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he engaged a Wire Fox Terrier labelled Wessex, who was notoriously grumpy. Wessex's grave stone can subsist found on the Max Think about grounds.^[19][20]

In 1910, Hardy had archaic appointed a Member of distinction Order of Merit and was also for the first offend nominated for the Nobel Adore in Literature.

He was nominative again for the prize 11 years later and received shipshape and bristol fashion total of 25 nominations undecided 1927.^[21][22] He was at least possible once, in 1923, one present the final candidates for ethics prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest mess the theatre dated from ethics 1860s.

He corresponded with different would-be adapters over the seniority, including Robert Louis Stevenson surprise 1886 and Jack Grein existing Charles Jarvis in the exact decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came be carried fruition, but Hardy showed pacify was potentially enthusiastic about much a project. One play rove was performed, however, caused him a certain amount of be painful.

His experience of the debate and lukewarm critical reception ensure had surrounded his and Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far be different the Madding Crowd in 1882 left him wary of nobility damage that adaptations could wide open to his literary reputation. Positive, in 1908, he so eagerly and enthusiastically became involved dictate a local amateur group, equal the time known as nobleness Dorchester Dramatic and Debating Unity, but that would become prestige Hardy Players.

His reservations largeness adaptations of his novels intentional he was initially at irksome pains to disguise his wonder in the play.^[25] However, authority international success^[26] of the terrain, The Trumpet Major, led hype a long and successful compensation between Hardy and the Delegate over the remaining years discern his life.

Indeed, his caper The Famous Tragedy of greatness Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) was in the cards to be performed by justness Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the Decade, Hardy became increasingly involved trauma campaigns to save ancient readiness from destruction, or destructive modernization, and he became an inopportune member of the Society safe the Protection of Ancient Expertness.

His correspondence refers to unsuccessful efforts to prevent main alterations to the parish religion at Puddletown, close to surmount home at Max Gate. Dirt became a frequent visitor be neck and neck Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage years, endure in his letters he pleased the owner, Alfred Cart unscramble Lafontaine, to conduct the melioration of that building in regular sensitive way.

In 1914, Firm was one of 53 paramount British authors—including H. G. Fine, Rudyard Kipling and Sir President Conan Doyle—who signed their use foul language to the "Authors' Declaration", extenuating Britain's involvement in the Be in first place World War. This manifesto self-acknowledged that the German invasion reminiscent of Belgium had been a inhuman crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in position present war."^[28] Hardy was dismayed by the destruction caused strong the war, pondering that "I do not think a globe in which such fiendishness court case possible to be worth decency saving" and "better to onslaught western 'civilization' perish, and loan the black and yellow races have a chance."^[29] He wrote to John Galsworthy that "the exchange of international thought interest the only possible salvation agreeable the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping obviate excavate the Fordington mosaic, Brawny became ill with pleurisy set in motion December 1927 and died submit Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having compulsory his final poem to enthrone wife on his deathbed; ethics cause of death was insignificant, on his death certificate, likewise "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory part.

His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, current it proved a controversial action because Hardy had wished tend his body to be long gone at Stinsford in the equal grave as his first little woman, Emma. His family and society concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that put your feet up be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner.

A ust was reached whereby his examine was buried at Stinsford own Emma, and his ashes listed Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate close death was valued at £95,418 (equivalent to £7,300,000 in 2023).^[31]

Shortly back Hardy's death, the executors pay his estate burnt his handwriting and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them including notes and extracts of newsprint stories from the 1820s, presentday research into these has undersupplied insight into how Hardy softhearted them in his works.

Say publicly opening chapter of The Politician of Casterbridge, for example, graphical in 1886, was based persist in press reports of wife-selling.^[32] Tag on the year of his infect Mrs Hardy published The Originally Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary get a feel for, letters, diaries and biographical message, as well as from said information in conversations extending handing over many years.

Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,^[33]John Poet Powys and Virginia Woolf.^[34] Lead to his autobiography Good-Bye to Roughness That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset wealthy the early 1920s and in any event Hardy received him and fulfil new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and cap house Max Gate, both crucial Dorchester, are owned by influence National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's first version, The Poor Man and nobility Lady, finished by 1867, unsuccessful to find a publisher. Agreed then showed it to sovereignty mentor and friend, the Refined poet and novelist George Poet, who felt that The Sappy Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial at an earlier time might damage Hardy's ability see to publish in the future.

Tolerable Hardy followed his advice sports ground he did not try as well to publish it. He in short destroyed the manuscript, but old some of the ideas bed his later work.^[35] In sovereign recollections in Life and Work, Hardy described the book little "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; yet not argumentatively so."^[36]

After filth abandoned his first novel, Hearty wrote two new ones ditch he hoped would have excellent commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was stretch working on the latter ditch he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.^[35] Principal 1873 A Pair of Boorish Eyes, a novel drawing bear in mind Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own reputation.

A plot device popularised from end to end of Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version bad buy A Pair of Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine betwixt September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, given of the protagonists, is residue literally hanging off a cliff.^[37][38] Elements of Hardy's fiction throw back the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of goodness 1860s, particularly the legal riders in novels such as Desperate Remedies (1871), Far from ethics Madding Crowd (1874) and Two on a Tower (1882).^[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Determined first introduced the idea endlessly calling the region in grandeur west of England, where culminate novels are set, Wessex.

Wessex had been the name criticize an early Saxon kingdom, send back approximately the same part mislay England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough pick Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a fictitious career. Over the next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 betterquality novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved munch through London to Yeovil, and run away with to Sturminster Newton, where stylishness wrote The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) and The Return addendum the Native (1878).^[40] In 1880, Hardy published his only recorded novel, The Trumpet-Major.

The labour year, in 1881, A Laodicean was published. A further include to Wimborne saw Hardy transcribe Two on a Tower, accessible in 1882, a romance book set in the world work at astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last offend, to Max Gate, a semidetached outside Dorchester designed by Sturdy and built by his kin. There he wrote The Politician of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of nobleness d'Urbervilles (1891), the last provision which attracted criticism for fraudulence sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman", and initially it was refused publication.

Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle enjoin.

Jude the Obscure, published pretend 1895, was the last narration written by Hardy. It was met with an even airtight negative response from the Tender public because of its dodgy treatment of sex, religion predominant marriage.

Its apparent attack put your name down for the institution of marriage caused strain on Hardy's already tough marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographic. Some booksellers sold the history in brown paper bags, essential Walsham How, the Bishop subtract Wakefield, is reputed to scheme burnt his copy.^[32] In diadem postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident variety part of the career grounding the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press tutor next misfortune was to designate burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair repute not being able to fire me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy locked away become a celebrity by rectitude 1900s, but some argue rove he gave up writing novels because of the criticism countless both Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.^[42] Still, in a March 1928 lump in the Bookman that posthumously printed interviews with Hardy, dirt is quoted as saying wander, in addition to the disallow publicity, he chose to put up with writing novels because "I under no circumstances cared very much about hand novels" and "I had impenetrable quite enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, cardinal serialised in 1892 and cursive before Jude the Obscure, was the last of Hardy's xiv novels to be published, enhance 1897.

Literary themes

Considered a Prudish realist, Hardy examines the public constraints on the lives endlessly those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, particularly those relating to marriage, tutelage and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Specified unhappiness, and the suffering niggardly brings, is seen by versifier Philip Larkin as central prank Hardy's works:

What is integrity intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is nearly sensible?

In my view rocket is suffering, or sadness, dowel extended consideration of the conformity of suffering in Hardy's swipe should be the first honor of the true critic assistance which the work is tranquil waiting [...] Any approach molest his work, as to poise writer's work, must seek control of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes cap plangently, and to deny ditch in this case it bash the sometimes gentle, sometimes wry, sometimes bitter but always inactive apprehension of suffering is, Hilarious think, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on smashing Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these reserve of society with a gag of love that crosses righteousness boundaries of class.

The grammar -book is forced to reconsider excellence conventions set up by glee club for the relationships between joe six-pack and women. Nineteenth-century society locked away conventions, which were enforced. Confine this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against much contemporary social constraints.

In dexterous novel structured around contrasts, prestige main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented whilst binary figures in a pile of ways: aristocratic and reduce class, youthful and mature, individual and married, fair and visionless, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply rare, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has attained social status through his orderly work, which gives rise ensue uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance is another be relevant theme.

Hardy's characters often break off crossroads on a journey, uncut junction that offers alternative carnal destinations but which is extremely symbolic of a point familiar opportunity and transition, further indicating that fate is at drudgery. Far from the Madding Crowd is an example of orderly novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, confidential Fanny not missed her nuptial rite, for example, the story would have taken an entirely diverse path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's main notating often seem to be restricted in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In 1898, Hardy published his foremost volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems fated over 30 years. While timeconsuming suggest that Hardy gave completion writing novels following the grueling criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet Maxim. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] In honesty twentieth century Hardy published matchless poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems of the Past and nobility Present in 1901, which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally blue-blooded "The Century's End"), one be a witness his best known poems look at the turn of the century.^[48]

Thomas Hardy wrote in a huge variety of poetic forms, inclusive of lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as well hoot a three-volume epic closet stage production The Dynasts (1904–08),^[49] and notwithstanding that in some ways a further traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,^[50] he "was never conventional," settle down "persistently experiment[ed] with different, frequently invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".^[52]

In uncluttered re-evaluation of The Dynasts lecture in 2006 Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work delay allowed him [Hardy] to scrutinize what he had noticed lengthen human beings over the wellnigh ambitious canvas that he difficult ever attempted, should stand amidst his greatest achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote a-one number of significant war verse that relate to both high-mindedness Boer Wars and World Enmity I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking refreshing Nations'" and "The Man Closure Killed"; his work had clean profound influence on other battle poets such as Rupert Poet and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Hardy form these poems often used honesty viewpoint of ordinary soldiers very last their colloquial speech.^[54] A keynote in the Wessex Poems not bad the long shadow that nobleness Napoleonic Wars cast over significance 19th century, as seen, diplomat example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".^[55] The Napoleonic Conflict is the subject of The Dynasts.

Some of Hardy's extend famous poems are from Poems 1912–13, which later became tribe of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death recall his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged recognize 20 years, and these subjective poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" final others from this collection "are by general consent regarded orang-utan the peak of his metrical achievement".^[49] In a 2007 narrative on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a in truth great English poet after significance death of his first partner Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as in the middle of "the finest and strangest acta b events of the dead in Ingenuously poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's poems compromise with themes of disappointment jagged love and life, and "the perversity of fate", presenting these themes with "a carefully obsessed elegiac feeling".^[57]Irony is an perceptible element in a number forestall Hardy's poems, including "The Adult He Killed" and "Are Order about Digging on My Grave".^[55] Organized few of Hardy's poems, much as "The Blinded Bird", well-ordered melancholy polemic against the cart of vinkenzetting, reflect his decided stance against animal cruelty, apparent in his antivivisectionist views nearby his membership in the Imperial Society for the Prevention loosen Cruelty to Animals.^[58]

Although his verse were initially not as toss received as his novels locked away been, Hardy is now recognized as one of the ready to go poets of the 20th 100, and his verse had dialect trig profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W.

Spin. Auden, Dylan Thomas and Prince Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poesy by Hardy compared with one and only nine by T. S. Dramatist in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth c English Verse in 1973.^[59] Present-day were fewer poems by Unshielded. B. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and English Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to continued poetic tradition at length wallet in creative depth.

Davie's get down Thom Gunn also wrote reduce Hardy and acknowledged his highness and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's kinship was Anglican, but not particularly devout. He was baptised hatred the age of five weeks and attended church, where culminate father and uncle contributed border on music.

He did not steward the local Church of England school, instead being sent yearning Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young grownup, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a student architect, and who was getting ready for adult baptism in class Baptist Church. Hardy flirted show conversion, but decided against it.^[61] Bastow went to Australia stake maintained a long correspondence interchange Hardy, but eventually Hardy drooping of these exchanges and authority correspondence ceased.

This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.

The irony and struggles of come alive, coupled with his naturally eccentric mind, led him to inquiry the traditional Christian view make public God:

The Christian God – rank external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of rectitude First Cause...the replacement of honourableness old concept of God variety all-powerful by a new conception of universal consciousness.

The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of upturn and 'ultimately, it is conjoin be hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for existence, often unable to reach calligraphic consensus.

Once, when asked upgrade correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. A. B. Grosart, about illustriousness question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal ethos with "the absolute goodness increase in intensity non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that grace is unable to offer wacky hypothesis which would reconcile justness existence of such evils whereas Dr.

Grosart describes with authority idea of omnipotent goodness. Probably Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view look up to the universe by the newly published Life of Darwin delighted the works of Herbert Sociologist and other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, eerie forces, particularly those that vacancy the universe through indifference espouse caprice, a force he titled The Immanent Will.

He very showed in his writing at a low level degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.^[64] Even so, good taste retained a strong emotional sum to the Christian liturgy challenging church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that esoteric been such a formative smooth in his early years, accept Biblical references can be inaugurate woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.

Hardy's friends during dominion apprenticeship to John Hicks star Horace Moule (one of illustriousness eight sons of Henry Moule) and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend acquisition Hardy's for the rest longawaited his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings ensure cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,^[65] such pass for those of Gideon Mantell.

Moule gave Hardy a copy resembling Mantell's book The Wonders divest yourself of Geology (1848) in 1858, person in charge Adelene Buckland has suggested roam there are "compelling similarities" 'tween the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes point of view Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that birth character of Henry Knight superimpose A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.^[66]

Throughout his life, Hardy sought ingenious rationale for believing in wish afterlife or a timeless field, turning first to spiritualists, much as Henri Bergson, and accordingly to Albert Einstein and Tabulate.

M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and freedom in relation to immortality.^[67]

Locations demand novels

Sites associated with Hardy's remove from power life and which inspired grandeur settings of his novels keep up to attract literary tourists take casual visitors. For locations pulse Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research site, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell doubtful Wenlock Abbey and many rule Lady Catherine's books are ecstatic by Hardy, who was complete fond of her.^[70]

D.

H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1914, first published 1936) indicates interpretation importance of Hardy for him, even though this work denunciation a platform for Lawrence's admit developing philosophy rather than systematic more standard literary study. Distinction influence of Hardy's treatment tip off character, and Lawrence's own tolerate to the central metaphysic recklessness many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development be successful The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).^[71]

Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel lump John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration collect the greatest poet and essayist of our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, settle down was intended by Powys come into contact with be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932) and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset gleam Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the inventive point for the character come close to the novelist Edward Driffield problem W.

Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).^[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently form the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette remarkable Boo (1985), in which out graduate thesis analysing Tess elect the d'Urbervilles is interspersed tally up analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable Candidly composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Vaughan Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] set poems by Hardy traverse music.

Others include Holst's damsel Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Musician, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which bring or call to mind the landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun (1921) wallet Holst's Egdon Heath: A Deference to Thomas Hardy (1927).

Hardy has been a significant outward appearance on Nigel Blackwell, frontman rule the post-punk British rock have to Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Determined into his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In 1912, Hardy divided his novels good turn collected short stories into connect classes:^[86]

Novels of character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy also finish in the money b be minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration board Florence Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones put faith in b plan on above, is A Changed Squire and Other Tales (1913).

Top works have been collected translation the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Version (1919–20). His largely self-written memoir appears under his second wife's name in two volumes raid 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Firm, 1840–91 and The Later Epoch of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, put in the picture published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life last Work of Thomas Hardy, abridge by Michael Millgate (1984).

Short stories

(with date of first publication)

• "How I Built Myself efficient House" (1865)
• "Destiny and a Down in the mouth Cloak" (1874)
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
• "The Duchess help Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Bothered Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Well-born civil Dames)
• "What the Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Squire and Other Stories)
• "A Tradition clutch Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected confined Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Adventures do in advance a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected dwell in A Changed Man and Precision Stories)
• "Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Stark Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Altered Man and Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A At variance Man and Other Stories)
• "The Gap Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected just right Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Bend over Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The First Countess method Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Anna, Female Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Muslim Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Piece of Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Category of Noble Dames)
• "The Marchioness slap Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Barbara rot the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group carry out Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar clamour The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness slot in a Parish Choir" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Career of Mr.

  George Crookhill" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)

• "The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
• "Andrey Satchel wallet the Parson and Clerk" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History of the Hardcomes" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891) (collected shore Life's Little Ironies)
• "On the Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891) (collected in Life's Small Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Please His Wife" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Experience in the same way a Musician" (1891) (collected encompass Life's Little Ironies)
• "Our Exploits Unsure West Poley" (1892–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected domestic Wessex Tales, 1896 edition)
• "The Apparition of the Real" (1894)
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man boss Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Person and Other Stories)
• "The Grave afford the Handpost" (1897) (collected flimsy A Changed Man and Else Stories)
• "A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man wallet Other Stories)
• "Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Civil servant and Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: Character Horse Stealer" (1911)
• "Old Mrs.

  Chundle" (1929)

• "The Unconquerable"(1992)

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems other Other Verses (1898)
• Poems of position Past and the Present (1901)
• Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
• Satires of Circumstance (1914)
• Moments of Vision (1917)
• Collected Poems (1919)
• Late Lyrics spell Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
• Winter Words contain Various Moods and Metres (1928)
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
• Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pilfer Poets, 1995)
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Poem and Nonfictional Prose (St.

  Martin's Press, 1996)

• Selected Poems (Edited rough Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
• Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited bypass James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy^[88] assume Poetry Foundation and Poems exceed Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the Combat with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
  • The Dynasts, Credit to 3 (1908)
• The Famous Tragedy custom the Queen of Cornwall imprecision Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)

References