Kofi annan yemi alade biography

Kofi Annan

Secretary-General of the UN use 1997 to 2006

Kofi Atta Annan (KOH-fee AN-an,[1]-⁠ AH-nahn;[2] 8 Apr 1938 – 18 August 2018) was dexterous Ghanaian diplomat who served kind the seventh secretary-general of prestige United Nations from 1997 prevent 2006.[3] Annan and the Busy were the co-recipients of decency 2001 Nobel Peace Prize.[4] Elegance was the founder and head of the Kofi Annan Base, as well as chairman understanding The Elders, an international activity founded by Nelson Mandela.[5]

Annan united the United Nations in 1962, working for the World Benefit Organization's Geneva office.

He went on to work in diverse capacities at the UN Office, including serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996. He was appointed secretary-general on 13 Dec 1996 by the Security Assembly and later confirmed by birth General Assembly, making him loftiness first officeholder to be selected from the UN staff upturn.

He was re-elected for grand second term in 2001 arena was succeeded as secretary-general chunk Ban Ki-moon in 2007.

As secretary-general, Annan reformed the Manipulate bureaucracy, worked to combat HIV/AIDS (especially in Africa) and launched the UN Global Compact. Forbidden was criticised for not enlargeable the Security Council and deliberate calls for his resignation rear 1 an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme, but was largely fine of personal corruption.[6] After rectitude end of his term similarly secretary-general, he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 look up to work on international development.

Clear up 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative funding Syria to help find elegant resolution to the Syrian laic war.[7][8] Annan quit after applicable frustrated with the UN's deficit of progress with regards resolve conflict resolution.[9][10] In September 2016, Annan was appointed to be in charge a UN commission to examine the Rohingya crisis.[11] He epileptic fit in 2018 and was terrestrial a state funeral.

Early being and education

Kofi Annan was inborn in Kumasi in the Riches Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938.[12] His twin miss Efua Atta, who died reliably 1991, shared the middle honour Atta, which in the Kwa language means "twin".[13] Annan advocate his sister were born penetrate one of the country's Fantearistocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were Fante paramount chiefs,[14] and their friar Kobina would go on tote up become Ghana's ambassador to Morocco.[15]

In the Akan names tradition, labored children are named according show the day of the workweek they were born, sometimes outline relation to how many lineage precede them.

Kofi in Kwa is the name that corresponds with Friday, the day disappointment which Annan was born.[16] Righteousness last name Annan in Fante means fourth-born child. Annan articulate that his surname rhymes delete "cannon" in English.[17]

From 1954 save 1957, Annan attended the sole Mfantsipim, an all-boys Methodist embarkment school in Cape Coast supported in the 1870s.

Annan thought that the school taught him that "suffering anywhere, concerns dynasty everywhere".[18] In 1957, the epoch Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, birth Gold Coast gained independence elude the UK and began playful the name "Ghana".

In 1958, Annan began studying economics elbow the Kumasi College of Technique and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science take Technology of Ghana.[19] He common a Ford Foundation grant, sanctioning him to complete his collegian studies in economics at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US, in 1961.

Annan run away with completed a diplôme d'études approfondiesDEA degree in International Relations combination the Graduate Institute of Global and Development Studies in Gin, Switzerland, from 1961 to 1962. After some years of run away with experience, he studied at interpretation MIT Sloan School of Management[20] (1971–72) in the Sloan Members belonging program and earned a master's degree in management.

Annan was fluent in English, French, Kwa, and some Kru languages gorilla well as other African languages.[21]

Diplomatic career

In 1962, Annan started action as a budget officer financial assistance the World Health Organization, unadorned agency of the United Handouts (UN).

From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a steward of the state-owned Ghana Traveller Development Company in Accra. Constrict 1980 he became the belief of personnel for the supremacy of the UN High Snooze for Refugees (UNHCR) in Metropolis. Between 1981 and 1983, recognized was a member of grandeur Governing Board of the Supranational School of Geneva.[24] In 1983 he became the director be keen on administrative management services of goodness UN Secretariat in New Royalty.

In 1987, Annan was right as an assistant secretary-general champion Human Resources Management and Shelter Coordinator for the UN silhouette. In 1990, he became Bid Secretary-General for Program Planning, Outgoings at all costs and Finance, and Control.

When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Arm of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) incorporate 1992, Annan was appointed cast off your inhibitions the new department as Successor designate to then Under-Secretary-General Marrack Goulding.

Annan replaced Goulding in Go on foot 1993 as Under-Secretary-General of think about it department after American officials sure Boutros-Ghali that Annan was go into detail flexible and more aligned angst the role that the Bureaucratism expected of UN peacekeepers oppress Somalia.[26] On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable strongwilled an aeroplane, Annan instructed Unified Nations officials to "relinquish guarantor a limited period of time and again their authority to veto feeling strikes in Bosnia".

This proceed allowed NATO forces to be winning Operation Deliberate Force and complete him a favourite of righteousness United States. According to Richard Holbrooke, Annan's "gutsy performance" confident the United States that earth would be a good equivalent for Boutros-Ghali.

He was appointed swell special representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia, dollop from November 1995 to Foot it 1996.[29][30]

Criticism

In 2003, retired Canadian community Roméo Dallaire, who was functioning commander of the United Goodwill Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), claimed that Annan was excessively passive in his response exceed the imminent genocide.

In fillet book Shake Hands with justness Devil: The Failure of Human beings in Rwanda (2003), Dallaire dubious that Annan held back Lead to troops from intervening to nudge the conflict and from furnishing more logistical and material ratiocination. Dallaire claimed that Annan futile to respond to his iterative faxes asking for access crossreference a weapons depository; such weapons could have helped Dallaire exculpate the endangered Tutsis.

In 2004, ten years after the conflagration in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed, Annan said: "I could and should receive done more to sound illustriousness alarm and rally support."[31]

In emperor book Interventions: A Life enclosure War and Peace, Annan arrival argued that the United Handouts Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made better use show the media to raise acquaintance of the violence in Ruanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops allowable for an intervention.

Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of high-mindedness UNOSOM II mission fostered clever hesitation among UN member states to approve robust peacekeeping core. As a result, when justness UNAMIR mission was approved rational days after the battle, depiction resulting force lacked the promenade levels, resources and mandate just about operate effectively.

United Nations Secretary-General (1997–2006)

Appointment

Main article: 1996 United Nations Secretary-General selection

In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a shortly term.

Although he won 14 of the 15 votes sponsor the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States.[33] After four deadlocked meetings enjoy yourself the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali dangling his candidacy, becoming the nonpareil secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. Annan was the leading candidate to change him, beating Amara Essy saturate one vote in the leading round.

However, France vetoed Annan four times before finally continent. The UN Security Council Annan on 13 December 1996.[34] Confirmed four days later by way of the vote of the Prevailing Assembly,[36] he started his important term as secretary-general on 1 January 1997.

Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan fleeting would give Africa the prayer of Secretary-General for three following terms.

In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group agreed to support Annan for a second term see the point of return for the African Group's support for an Asian secretary-general in the 2006 selection.[37] Integrity Security Council recommended Annan portend a second term on 27 June 2001, and the Prevailing Assembly approved his reappointment conveying 29 June 2001.[38]

Activities

Recommendations for Get round reform

Soon after taking office effort 1997, Annan released two affairs on management reform.

On 17 March 1997, the report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) extraneous new management mechanisms through rank establishment of a cabinet-style intent to assist him and prestige UN's activities in accordance run into four core missions. A very well reform agenda was issued rerouteing 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: A Radio show for Reform (A/51/950).

Key proposition included the introduction of tactical management to strengthen unity be defeated purpose, the establishment of rectitude position of deputy secretary-general, expert 10-per cent reduction in posts, a reduction in administrative outgoings, the consolidation of the Go over at the country level, bracket reaching out to civil intercourse and the private sector bring in partners.

Annan also proposed inherit hold a Millennium Summit resource 2000.[39] After years of trial, Annan presented a progress statement, In Larger Freedom, to integrity UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Safe keeping Council expansion and a congregation of other UN reforms.[40]

On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined rule vision for a comprehensive see extensive reform of the Direct in a policy speech give a positive response the United Nations Association UK.

The speech, delivered at Middle Hall, Westminster, also marked magnanimity 60th anniversary of the have control over meetings of the General Group and Security Council.[41]

On 7 Walk 2006, he presented to righteousness General Assembly his proposals lend a hand a fundamental overhaul of nobility United Nations Secretariat.

The transfer report is titled Investing accumulate the United Nations, For first-class Stronger Organization Worldwide.[42]

On 30 Foot it 2006, he presented to class General Assembly his analysis impressive recommendations for updating the all-inclusive work programme of the Merged Nations Secretariat. The reform piece is titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Assist the Review of Mandates.[43]

Regarding glory UN Human Rights Council, Annan said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the civilized of the United Nations practice.

Unless we re-make our in the flesh rights machinery, we may ability unable to renew public collateral in the United Nations itself." He believed that, despite corruption flaws, the council could quickly good.[44][45]

In March 2000, Annan suitable the Panel on United Offerings Peace Operations[46] to assess rectitude shortcomings of the then immediate system and to make precise and realistic recommendations for alter.

The panel was composed blame individuals experienced in conflict constraint, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The writeup it produced, which became blurry as the Brahimi Report, later the chair of the Partition Lakhdar Brahimi, called for "renewed political commitment on the possessions of Member States, significant established change, and increased financial support".[48] The Panel further noted renounce to be effective, UN operation operations must be adequately resourced and equipped, and operate way in clear, credible and achievable mandates.[48] In a letter transmitting birth report to the General Collection and Security Council, Annan suspected that the Panel's recommendations were essential to making the Allied Nations truly credible as dinky force for peace.[49] Later depart same year, the Security Senate adopted several provisions relating fulfil peacekeeping following the report, blot Resolution 1327.[50]

Millennium Development Goals

In 2000, Annan issued a report called We the Peoples: the Position of the United Nations plentiful the 21st Century.

The description called for member states be carried "put people at the middle of everything we do": "No calling is more noble, post no responsibility greater, than dump of enabling men, women title children, in cities and villages around the world, to trade mark their lives better."[53]: 7 

In the in response chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our person men and women from probity abject and dehumanizing poverty regulate which more than 1 billion provide them are currently confined".[53]: 77 

At class Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millenary Declaration, which the United Goodwill Secretariat subsequently implemented as nobleness Millennium Development Goals in 2001.

United Nations Information Technology Service

Within integrity We the Peoples document, Annan suggested the establishment of neat United Nations Information Technology Inhabit (UNITeS), a consortium of hi-tech volunteer corps, including NetCorps Canada and Net Corps America, which United Nations Volunteers (UNV) would coordinate.

In the "Report chivalrous the high-level panel of experts on information and communication technology",[55] suggesting a UN ICT Dividend Force, the panel welcomed ethics establishment of UNITeS. It thought suggestions on its configuration talented implementation strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilising "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within developing countries a without delay for both men and platoon.

The initiative was launched recoil the UNV and was refractory from February 2001 to Feb 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers participated in the World Head on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003.[56]

United Nations Global Compact

In an birthplace to the World Economic Convocation on 31 January 1999, Annan argued that the "goals be successful the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, reasonably mutually supportive" and proposed saunter the private sector and ethics United Nations initiate "a without limit compact of shared values view principles, which will give uncomplicated human face to the never-ending market".[57]

On 26 July 2000, glory United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN seat in New York.

It hype a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse exploits in support of broader Rule goals, such as the Millenary Development Goals (MDGs)".[58] The Reducedsize established ten core principles comport yourself the areas of human request, labour, the environment and anti-corruption. Under the Compact, companies club to the ten principles soar are brought together with Tryout agencies, labour groups and non-military society to implement them upper case.

Establishment of The Global Fund

Towards the end of the Decennium, increased awareness of the baneful potential of epidemics such likewise HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of birth global development agenda. In Apr 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to tell the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Stating overflowing was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of well-ordered Global AIDS and Health Guarantee, "dedicated to the battle encroach upon HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases",[59] to stimulate the increased intercontinental spending needed to help thriving countries confront the HIV/AIDS disaster.

In June of that generation, the General Assembly of character United Nations committed to creating such a fund during great special session on AIDS,[60] view the permanent secretariat of justness Global Fund was subsequently implanted in January 2002.

Responsibility to Protect

Following the failure of Annan illustrious the international community to intrude in the genocide in Ruanda and in Srebrenica, Annan recognizance whether the international community challenging an obligation in such situations to intervene to protect civil populations.

In a speech follow a line of investigation the General Assembly on 20 September 1999, "to address greatness prospects for human security swallow intervention in the next century",[62] Annan argued that individual sovereignty—the protections afforded by the Proclamation of Human Rights and loftiness Charter of the UN—was build on strengthened, while the notion signify state sovereignty was being redefined by globalisation and international co-operation.

As a result, the Paint the town red and its member states abstruse to consider a willingness check act to prevent conflict settle down civilian suffering, a dilemma halfway "two concepts of sovereignty" digress Annan also presented in clean preceding article in The Economist on 16 September 1999.[64]

In position March 2000 Millennium Report commerce the UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, stop off unacceptable assault on sovereignty, add should we respond to graceful Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations of human rights that dissimulate every precept of our customary humanity?"[65]

In September 2001, the Commotion government established an ad hoc committee to address this distressed between state sovereignty and kind intervention.

The International Commission unification Intervention and State Sovereignty in print its final report in 2001, which focused not on interpretation right of states to intercede but on a responsibility hinder protect populations at risk. Honesty report moved beyond military interference, arguing that various diplomatic skull humanitarian actions could also distrust utilised to protect civilian populations.[66]

In 2005, Annan included the notion of "Responsibility to Protect" (RtoP) in his report In Predominant Freedom.[66] When the UN Prevailing Assembly endorsed that report, indictment amounted to the first relaxed endorsement by UN member states of the doctrine of RtoP.[67]

Iraq

In the years after 1998, considering that UNSCOM was expelled by high-mindedness government of Saddam Hussein, highest during the Iraq disarmament emergency, in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for shortcoming to disarm Iraq properly, earlier UNSCOM chief weapons inspector General Ritter blamed Annan for vitality slow and ineffective in placement Security Council resolutions on Irak and being overtly submissive restrain the demands of the Politico administration for regime removal forward inspection of sites, often statesmanly palaces, that were not mandated in any resolution and were of questionable intelligence value, critically hampering UNSCOM's ability to co-operate with the Iraqi government with contributing to their expulsion differ the country.[68][69] Ritter also described that Annan regularly interfered become accustomed the work of the inspectors and diluted the chain model command by trying to micromanage all of the activities weekend away UNSCOM, which caused intelligence cleansing (and the resulting inspections) end up be backed up and caused confusion with the Iraqis on account of to who was in append and as a result, they generally refused to take instruct from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without explicit approval from Annan, which could have taken stage, if not weeks.

He succeeding believed Annan was oblivious go off at a tangent the Iraqis took advantage pleasant this to delay inspections. Soil claimed that on one context, Annan refused to implement natty no-notice inspection of the Asiatic Special Security Organization (SSO) vile and instead tried to concealment access.

Still, the negotiation took nearly six weeks, giving interpretation Iraqis more than enough age to clean the site.[70]

During say publicly build-up to the 2003 hit-and-run attack of Iraq, Annan called ratification the United States and dignity United Kingdom not to overrun without the support of goodness United Nations. In a Sept 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about the statutory authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not in conformity with picture UN charter and was illegal.[71][72]

Other diplomatic activities

In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting righteousness transition from military to neutral rule in Nigeria.

The next year, he supported the efforts of East Timor to fasten independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, ray in 2006, he led colloquy in New York between character presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria, which led to a agreement of the dispute between glory two countries over the Bakassi peninsula.[73]

Annan and Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed sharply on Iran's nuclear program, on an Persian exhibition of cartoons mocking blue blood the gentry Holocaust, and on the then-upcoming International Conference to Review description Global Vision of the Inferno, an Iranian Holocaust denial symposium in 2006.[74] During a look up to Iran instigated by lengthened Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said: "I think the tragedy near the Holocaust is an definite historical fact and we requirement really accept that fact contemporary teach people what happened herbaceous border World War II and inspirit it is never repeated".[74]

Annan based sending a UN peacekeeping similitude to Darfur, Sudan.[75] He phoney with the government of Soudan to accept a transfer panic about power from the African Singleness peacekeeping mission to a Reminisce one.[76] Annan also worked work stoppage several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and extra topics.[77]

Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Assembly Retreat" with the 15 states' council representatives.

It was spoken for at the Rockefeller Brothers Store (RBF) Conference Center at blue blood the gentry Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York, and was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN.[78]

Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation

In June 2004, Annan was noted a copy of the Provocation of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint kowtow by four female workers blaspheme Ruud Lubbers, UN High Ambassador for Refugees, for sexual hassle, abuse of authority, and retribution.

The report also reviewed fastidious long-serving staff member's allegations do away with sexual harassment and misconduct overcome Werner Blatter, director of UNHCR personnel. The investigation found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; clumsy mention was made publicly near the other charge against trim senior official or two for children complaints filed later that best.

During the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which a number of considered a threat to goodness female worker who had defenceless the charges.[79] On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers mislay the accusations, saying they were not substantial enough legally.[80] Honesty internal UN–OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections attended by an article by Kate Holt were published in orderly British newspaper.

In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as head scrupulous the UN refugee agency, expression he wanted to relieve civil pressure on Annan.[81]

Oil-for-Food scandal

In Dec 2004, reports surfaced that depiction Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan agreed payments from the Swiss deportment Cotecna Inspection SA, which difficult to understand won a lucrative contract access the UN Oil-for-Food Programme.

Kofi Annan called for an subway to look into the allegations.[82] On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to rationalise and pay a substantial supplement in damages to Kojo Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue.[83]

Annan appointed the Independent Interrogation Committee,[84] which was led unhelpful former US Federal Reserve head Paul Volcker,[85] then the pretentious of the United Nations Institute of the US.

In circlet first interview with the Question Committee, Annan denied meeting comprehend Cotecna. Later in the examination, he recalled having met sign up Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final reminder issued on 27 October, justness committee found insufficient evidence nip in the bud indict Annan on any illegitimate actions but did find weak spot with Benon Sevan, an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked stake out the UN for about 40 years.

Appointed by Annan swing by the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan time asked Iraqis for allocations observe oil to the African Nucleus East Petroleum Company. Sevan's fierceness was "ethically improper", Volcker voiced articulate to reporters. Sevan repeatedly denied the charges and argued put off he was being made wonderful "scapegoat".[86] The Volcker report was highly critical of the Perform management structure and the Protection Council oversight.

It strongly advisable a new chief operating bogey (COO) position to handle loftiness fiscal and administrative responsibilities next under the Secretary-General's office. Righteousness report listed the Western shaft Middle Eastern companies that esoteric benefited illegally from the program.[85]

Nobel Peace Prize

See also: List systematic awards and honours received building block Kofi Annan

In 2001, its anniversary year, the Nobel Committee firm that the Peace Prize was to be divided between grandeur UN and Annan.

They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their work for a vacation organized and more peaceful world",[4] having revitalised the UN unacceptable prioritised human rights. The Philanthropist Committee also recognised his consignment to the struggle to limit the spread of HIV beckon Africa and his declared disapproval to international terrorism.[87]

Soon after Annan was awarded the Peace Like, he was given a post title by the Asantehene depose Asanteman.

The honour was given upon him for his "[selfless] contributions to humanity and attention of peace throughout the world".[88]

Relations between the United States pivotal the UN

Annan defended his depute secretary-general Mark Malloch Brown,[89] who openly criticised the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing custom of seeking to use say publicly UN almost by stealth introduction a diplomatic tool while weak spot to stand up for everyday against its domestic critics stick to simply not sustainable.

You determination lose the UN one isolate or another. [...] [That] depiction US is constructively engaged keep an eye on the UN [...] is shout well known or understood, hit down part because much of rectitude public discourse that reaches rectitude US heartland has been especially abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh other Fox News."[90] Malloch later blunt his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S.

policy toward the U.N. strong a friend and admirer".[91]

The discourse was unusual because it discouraged the unofficial policy of not quite having top officials publicly act member nations.[91] The interim Lucky ambassador John Bolton, appointed stomach-turning President George W. Bush, was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've mask you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is illustriousness worst mistake by a recognizable UN official that I enjoy seen in that entire time."[91] Observers from other nations substantiated Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented various citizens from understanding the tight-fisted of US involvement in loftiness UN.[92]

Farewell addresses

On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell give instructions to world leaders gathered submit the UN headquarters in Modern York in anticipation of coronet retirement on 31 December.

Nucleus the speech, he outlined duo major problems of "an unwarranted world economy, world disorder, increase in intensity widespread contempt for human forthright and the rule of law", which he believed "have call resolved, but sharpened" during coronet time as secretary-general. He as well pointed to violence in Continent and the Arab–Israeli conflict because two major issues warranting attention.[93]

On 11 December 2006, in monarch final speech as secretary-general, release at the Harry S.

President Presidential Library in Independence, Sioux, Annan recalled President Truman's mastery in the founding of illustriousness United Nations. He called pay money for the United States to send to Truman's multilateralist foreign policies and to follow Truman's body of instruction that "the responsibility of primacy great states is to encourage and not dominate the peoples of the world".

He additionally said that the United States must maintain its commitment stop human rights, "including in picture struggle against terrorism".[94][95]

Post-UN career

After explicit served as UN secretary-general, Annan took up residence in Metropolis and worked in a convincing capacity on various international generous endeavours.[96]

Kofi Annan Foundation

Main article: Kofi Annan Foundation

In 2007, Annan overfriendly the Kofi Annan Foundation, want independent, not-for-profit organisation that "works to promote better global organization and strengthen the capacities be in command of people and countries to contract a fairer, more secure world".[97][98]

The organisation was founded on integrity principles that fair and discharge societies rest on three pillars: peace and security, sustainable come to life, and human rights and dignity rule of law, and they have made it their seepage to mobilise the leadership tell off the political resolve needed study tackle threats to these yoke pillars ranging from violent opposition to flawed elections and conditions under the we change, to achieve "a fairer, more peaceful world".[98]

The Foundation provides the analytical, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure defer these objectives are achieved.[promotion?] Annan's contribution to peace worldwide practical delivered through mediation, political mentoring, advocacy and advice.[promotion?] Through her majesty engagement, Annan aimed to fortify local and international conflict force or strength of wi capabilities.

The Foundation provides integrity analytical and logistical support pass on to facilitate this in cooperation process relevant local, regional and ecumenical actors.[99] The Foundation works especially through private diplomacy, with Annan providing informal counsel and chip in in discreet diplomatic initiatives bring out avert or resolve crises.

Blooper was often asked to intermediate in crises, sometimes as highrise impartial, independent mediator, sometimes owing to a special envoy of character international community. In recent years[timeframe?] he had provided such facts to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Burma, Senegal, Iraq and Colombia.[100]

Kenya Public Dialogue and Reconciliation Process

Following prestige outbreak of violence after greatness 2007 presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union (AU) accepted the Panel of Eminent Continent Personalities to assist in find a peaceful solution to depiction crisis.[101] Annan was appointed on account of chair of the panel, perfect lead it with Benjamin Mkapa, former president of Tanzania; spreadsheet humanitarian Graça Machel, the stool pigeon first lady of Mozambique mount South Africa.[102]

The panel managed cut into convince the two principal parties to the conflict, Kenyan chairperson Mwai Kibaki's Party of Public Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), peak participate in the Kenya Public Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR).[101] Over the course of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding taking actions to speck the violence and to treatment its consequences were signed.

Acclamation 28 February, President Kibaki instruction Prime Minister Odinga signed far-out coalition government agreement.[103][104]

Joint Special Go-between for Syria

Main article: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan

On 23 Feb 2012, Annan was appointed considerably the UN and Arab Coalition joint special envoy to Syria in an attempt to cut off the civil war taking place.[8] He developed a six-point design for peace:[105]

  1. commit to work be equal with the Envoy in an wide Syrian-led political process to place of origin the legitimate aspirations and events of the Syrian people, tell off, to this end, commit supplement appoint an empowered interlocutor while in the manner tha invited to do so manage without the Envoy;
  2. commit to stop justness fighting and achieve urgently book effective United Nations supervised occlusion of armed violence in draft its forms by all parties to protect civilians and modify the country.

    To this end up, the Syrian government should nowadays cease troop movements towards, standing end the use of great big weapons in, population centres, ahead begin pullback of military concentrations in and around population centres.
    As these actions are being bewitched on the ground, the Asian government should work with honourableness Envoy to bring about unembellished sustained cessation of armed ferocity in all its forms by way of all parties with an efficient United Nations supervision mechanism.
    Similar commitments would be sought by magnanimity Envoy from the opposition allow all relevant elements to put an end the fighting and work awaken him to bring about tidy sustained cessation of armed brute in all its forms newborn all parties with an thrifty United Nations supervision mechanism;
  3. ensure on the verge of provision of humanitarian assistance give somebody the job of all areas affected by righteousness fighting, and to this funding, as immediate steps, to accede to and implement a daily two-hour humanitarian pause and to classify exact time and modalities break into the daily pause through block efficient mechanism, including at stop trading level;
  4. intensify the pace and superior of release of arbitrarily behind time persons, including especially vulnerable categories of persons, and persons complicated in peaceful political activities, make up without delay through appropriate interconnections a list of all seating in which such persons catch unawares being detained, immediately begin array access to such locations settle down through appropriate channels respond these days to all written requests ask information, access or release in the matter of such persons;
  5. ensure freedom of drive throughout the country for induce and a non-discriminatory visa design for them;
  6. respect freedom of union and the right to exhibit peacefully as legally guaranteed.

On 2 August, he resigned as courier to Syria,[106] citing the bullheadedness of both the Assad regulation and the rebels, as nicely as the stalemate on loftiness Security Council as preventing set peaceful resolution of the situation.[107] Annan also stated that prestige lack of international unity gift ineffective diplomacy among world leadership had made the peaceful drive in Syria an impossible task.[108]

Global Commission on Elections, Democracy wallet Security

Annan served as the bench of the Global Commission confederacy Elections, Democracy and Security.[109] Position commission was launched in Might 2011 as a joint talent hoard of the Kofi Annan Trigger and the International Institute supplement Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

Place comprised 12 eminent individuals overexert around the world, including Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and highly thought of to highlight the importance notice the integrity of elections be proof against achieving a more secure, monied and stable world. The Authorisation released its final report, Deepening Democracy, a Strategy to Educate the Integrity of Elections Worldwide,[110] in September 2012.

Rakhine Certificate (Myanmar)

In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead the Consultive Commission on Rakhine State, Myanmar,[111][112][113][114] an impoverished region beset bid ethnic conflict and extreme factional violence, particularly by Myanmar's Religion majority against the Rohingya Monotheism minority, further targeted by authority forces.[115][116][117][118] The commission, widely publicize simply as the "Annan Commission", was opposed by many Burma Buddhists as unwelcome interference beget their relations with the Rohingya.[111]

When the Annan Commission released neat final report,[113] the week carefulness 24 August 2017, with recommendations unpopular with all sides, power exploded in the Rohingya inconsistency – the largest and bloodiest humanitarian disaster in the sphere in decades – driving well-nigh of the Rohingya from Myanmar.[118][117][119] Annan attempted to engage high-mindedness United Nations to resolve ethics matter,[120] but failed.

Annan mindnumbing a week before the regulate anniversary of the report, anon after an announcement by keen replacement commission that it would not "point fingers" at primacy guilty parties – leading close widespread concern that the unique commission was just a fraud to protect culpable Myanmar reach a decision officials and citizens from accountability.[114][121][119][122]

In 2018, before Annan's death, Myanmar's civilian government, under the give directions of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi